831 The Arabs capture Palermo from the Byzantines

871 African Zanj Kharijite slave rebels capture and sack Basra

1101 First Battle of Ramalah: Crusaders defeat the Fatimids

1158 Milan surrenders to Frederick Barbarossa

1159 Orlando Bandinelli elected Pope as Alexander III (1159-81)

1191 Battle of Arshouf: Richard Lionheart defeats Saladin

1191 Battle of the Strymon: the Byzantines defeat William II of Sicily

1298 Naval Battle of Curzola: Genoese defeat the Venetians, capture Marco Polo

1303 The Colonna capture Pope Boniface VIII, a Caetani, at Anagni

1664 The English fleet anchors off Nieuw Amsterdam

1706 Battle of Turin: Prince Eugene defeats the French

1714 Treaty of Baden: French retain Alsace, Austria gets right bank of Rhine

1776 David Bushnell's sub 'American Turtle' tries to sink HMS 'Eagle' in New York harbor

1812 Battle at Borodino: Napoleon gains a Pyrrhic victory over Kutusov

1815 Grand Review of 150,000 Russian troops outside Paris for Tasr Alexander I, Emperor Francis I of Austria, and King Frederick William III, on the anniversary of the Battle of Borodino.

1822 Pedro, son of King João VI of Portugal, declares himself emperor of an independent Brazil (1822-1831)

1848 Messina: The Borbons retake the city from rebels after two days’ fighting

1860 Triumphal entry into Naples of Garibaldi and the Army of the South

1862 Stonewall Jackson writes a pass so he can attend divine services

1862 Battle of Cumberland Gap, Tn: By the 9th Union forces have seized the Gap and c. 2,500 prisoners

1870 HMS 'Captain' capsizes off Cape Finisterre, c. 500 die, 18 survive

1927 Mao Tse-dung writes, "Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun."

1940 The London "Blitz" Begins: As Britain goes on "invasion Imminent" status, the Luftwaffe begins 57 consecutive nights of air raids

1942 Battle of Alam Halfa: Defeat of Rommel's attempt to reach the Nile

1943 Heavy fighting around Lae, Papua-New Guinea

1943 Heavy fighting on Vella Lavella, Upper Solomon Is.

1947 Hindus & Muslims battle in New Delhi

1950 Communists close all monasteries in Hungary

1956 Bell X-2 sets unofficial manned aircraft altitude record 126,000'

1986 Unsuccessful attempt to assassinate President/Dictator Augusto Pinochet of Chile