1128 Battle of S. Mamede: Pr. Afonso of Portugal defeats his mother, Queen Theresa, overthrowing her regency

1298 Jews massacred at Ifhausen, Austria

1314 Battle of Bannockburn: Robert the Bruce liberates Scotland from the English

1322 Jews are expelled from France for the third time

1396 Crusaders under the Count of Nevers reach Vienna, en route to Nicopolis and Constantinople

1397 Sultan Bajezid I ransoms Crusaders captured at Nicopolis

1502 First meeting between Cesare Borgia & Niccolo Machiavelli, during which the latter arranges for Leonardo da Vinci to serve as a chief military engineer for the former

1509 Henry VIII is crowned king of England

1540 Henry VIII divorces Anne of Cleves, wife No. 4

1622 Battle of Macau" The Portuguese repulsed a Dutch attack on the city

1762 Battle of Wilhelmstahl: The Prussians defeat the French

1793 France adopts its first republican constitution

1813 Battle of Beaver Dam: British and Indians defeat US forces

1817 Nationalist outbreak at Macerata, the Papal States

1821 Battle of Carabobo: Bolivar defeats Royalists at Caracas

1839 Battle of Nizib/Nusaybin: The Egyptians defeat the Ottomans, near the ancient city of Nisibis (northeastern Syria)

1859 Battle of San Martino: Sardinians defeat the Austrians

1859 Battle of Solferino: The French defeat the Austrians

1861 Tennessee becomes 11th state to secede from the Union

1863 Gettysburg Campaign: Lee crosses the Potomac

1863 William Rosecrans initiates the Tullahoma Campaign, TN

1866 Second Battle of Custoza: Austrians defeat the Italians

1898 Naval Action off San Juan: US blockaders skirmish with Spanish warships

1898 Battle of Las Guasimas, Cuba: US loses 16 KIA, Spanish 12

1914 Aged Peter I of Serbia names his son Alexander Prince Regent

1914 The German Imperial Navy hosts the Royal Navy to "Fleet Week" at Kiel

1917 Russian Black Sea fleet mutinies at Sebastopol

1923 Pope Pius XI condemns the Franco-Belgian occupation of the Rhur

1940 France signs an armistice with Italy

1941 Nazis exterminate the entire male population of Gargzdai, Lithuania

1942 Japanese submarine 'I-25' shells Port Stevens, Oregon.

1943 Subhas Chandra Bose calls for Indian revolution against Britain

1943 Emperor Hirohito visits his super-battleship 'Musashi', the biggest white elephant in the imperial fleet

1945 Victory parade in Red Square in Moscow

1945 Australians liberate Sarawak from the Japanese

1961 Iraq demands dominion over Kuwait

1966 Period of European Great Power peace following WW II exceeds that which followed WW I